Tuesday, 22 October 2013

Li-Fi

Am sure ave been dormant in this platform but to begin with here is my new recent post
Most of us know of the Wi-Fi technology, bluetooth, radio, eye-fi, Hi-fi among other wireless technologies. But thanks to China's new invention. A new technology is here - Li-fi is a wireless technology that employs the light bulb technology to transmit wireless internet connectivity.


Li-fi was first demonstrated by University of Edinburgh professor Harald Haas in the UK. At an Aug. 2011 TED Talk, Haas displayed a li-fi device transmitting at 10 Mbps, asserting that the technology could hypothetically exceed 1 Gbps. The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute confirmed this claim earlier this year, according to the BBC.
The technology relies on a fast-pulsating beam of light embedded with signal processing technology. Receiving devices would read the light pulses and translate them on a streaming basis. On-board cameras in smartphones, tablets, computers and other gadgets could be modified to double as photoreceptors.
If the technology proves viable, it could make for a cost-effective, highly efficient, high-speed networking medium. Due to the fact that it relies on direct light, its use as a secure data line could be useful in privacy-dependent scenarios.


Tuesday, 17 September 2013

50 useful sites

Well I Would Like To Share Some Very Useful Websites With You All. Your Submission Is Greatly Accepted. courtesy of Black Hat #LearnAdvHacking

50 Useful Websites
01. screenr.com – record movies of your desktop and send them straight to YouTube.
02. bounceapp.com – for capturing full length screenshots of web pages.
03. goo.gl – shorten long URLs and convert URLs into QR codes.
04. untiny.me – find the original URLs that’s hiding behind a short URLs.
05. localti.me – know more than just the local time of a city.
06. copypastecharacter.com – copy- paste special characters that aren’t on your keyboard.
07. topsy.com – a better search engine for twitter.
08. fb.me/ AppStore – search iOS apps without launching iTunes. 09. iconfinder.com – the best place to find icons of all sizes.
10. office.com – download templates, clipart and images for your Office documents.
11. woorank.com – everything you wanted to know about a website.
12. virustotal.com – scan any suspicious file or email attachment for viruses.
13. wolframalpha.com – gets answers directly without searching – see more wolfram tips.
14. printwhatyoulike.com – print web pages without the clutter.
15. joliprint.com – reformats news articles and blog content as a newspaper.
16. isnsfw.com – when you wish to share a NSFW page but with a warning.
17. e.ggtimer .com – a simple online timer for your daily needs.
18. coralcdn.org – if a site is down due to heavy traffic, try accessing it through coral CDN.
19. random.org – pick random numbers, flip coins, and more.
20. mywot.com – check the trust level of any website – example.
21. viewer.zoho .com – Preview PDFs and Presentations directly in the browser.
22. tubemogul.com – simultaneously upload videos to YouTube and other video sites.
23. truveo.com – the best place for searching web videos.
24. scr.im – share you email address online without worrying about spam.
25. spypig.com – now get read receipts for your email.
26. sizeasy.com – visualize and compare the size of any product.
27. whatfontis.com – quickly determine the font name from an image.
28. fontsquirrel.com – a good collection of fonts – free for personal and commercial use.
29. regex.info – find data hidden in your photographs – see more EXIF tools.
30. tineye.com – this is like an online version of Google Googles.
31. iwantmyname.com – helps you search domains across all TLDs.
32. tabbloid.com – your favorite blogs delivered as PDFs.
33. join.me – share you screen with anyone over the web.
34. onlineocr.net – recognize text from scanned PDFs and images – see other OCR tools.
35. flightstats.com – Track flight status at airports worldwide.
36. wetransfer.com – for sharing really big files online.
37. pastebin.com – a temporary online clipboard for your text and code snippets.
38. polishmywriting.com – check your writing for spelling or grammatical errors.
39. awesomehighlighter.com – easily highlight the important parts of a web page.
40. typewith.me – work on the same document with multiple people.
41. whichdateworks.com – planning an event? find a date that works for all.
42. everytimezone.com – a less confusing view of the world time zones.
43. warrick.cs.odu. edu – you’ll need this when your bookmarked web pages are deleted.
44. gtmetrix.com – the perfect tool for measuring your site performance online.
45. imo.im – chat with your buddies on Skype, Facebook, Google Talk, etc. from one place.
46. translate.google. com – translate web pages, PDFs and Office documents.
47. youtube.com /leanback – sit back and enjoy YouTube videos in full- screen mode.
48. similarsites.com – discover new sites that are similar to what you like already.
49. wordle.net – quick summarize long pieces of text with tag clouds.
50. bubbl.us – create mind-maps, brainstorm ideas in the browse

Monday, 2 September 2013

Hacking Movies

The list below contains most of the movies if not all that contain hacking scenes. These are a must watch for all!
wargames (1983)
sneakers (1990) ------>about grey hat hacking
the net (1992)
antitrust (1993) ------->about microsoft story
hackers (1994) -------->about morris worm
takedown --------->about kevin metnick
the pairets of silicon valley------>about steve jobs and woznaik
catch me if u can
swordfish
matrix-1
oceans 11,12,13
the italian job
diehard 4
the girl with the dragon tatoo (2008)
prison break (serial)
the reeboot (android, reverse engg.)
war games:the death code

Sunday, 1 September 2013

Disabling The USB Port

       Ever feel furious of the many USB flash drives and SD cards that are the unending cause of viruses and malware in your system? It's very possible to disable USB port recognition by simply tweaking the registry as below:

 1. Goto run

2. Type 'regedit' without quotes


3. Click on HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

4. goto SYSTEM

5. Click on CurrentControlSet

6. Click on services

7. Goto USBSTOR

8. Double click on 'Start' where value is 3

9. Now change the value data with 4

10. Now press ok and refresh your desktop your USB port is disabled, to enable the usb port replace the value 4 with 3.

Friday, 23 August 2013

How does a touchscreen work?

   Ever wondered how your touchscreen accepts the commands that you want it to undertake just by the touch of it using your finger or just using a stylus or some other stuff? And OOOww not all phones can accept both a stylus and a finger, some only accept finger touch while others the pen touch...
  Well below is an explanation of how all that stuff works courtesy of    #Hack_The_ universe
How Touchscreen Works ??

A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with one or more fingers. Some touchscreens can also detect objects such as a stylus or ordinary or specially coated gloves.

Touchscreens are common in devices such as game consoles, all-in-one computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games.

Working of Touch Screen Are very Interesting. Here's How they Work:

There are three basic systems of Touch Screen:
1. Resistive System
2. Capacitive System
3. Surface Wave acoustic


The RESISTIVE SYSTEM consists of a normal glass panel that is covered with a conductive and a resistive metallic layer. These two layers are held apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistant layer is placed on top of the whole setup. An electrical current runs through the two layers while the monitor is operational. When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact in that exact spot. The change in the electrical field is noted and the coordinates of the point of contact are calculated by the computer. Once the coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch into something that the operating system can understand.

Working Of Resistive Touch Screen !!!

In the CAPACITIVE SYSTEM, a layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor. When a user touches the monitor with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layer decreases. This decrease is measured in circuits located at each corner of the monitor. The computer calculates, from the relative differences in charge at each corner, exactly where the touch event took place and then relays that information to the touch-screen driver software. One advantage that the capacitive system has over the resistive system is that it transmits almost 90 percent of the light from the monitor, whereas the resistive system only transmits about 75 percent. This gives the capacitive system a much clearer picture than the resistive system

Working Of Capacitive Touch Screen !!!


The SURFACE WAVE ACOUSTIC SYSTEM works with help of wave energy. This enables a touch to transform into another form of energy and deliver the command which in response perform the desired action. A Pair of transducers is placed on glass plate sides. In the Glass Plates there are reflectors. On touching the screen wave produced and which transforms into energy for fulfilling the command. It tells where on the screen touch is detected.

Saturday, 17 August 2013

Linux Tweaks to Unlock Huawei Modem using Python

#borrowed from (Zenu)

  If you wonna unlock your 3G Modem and you have linux installed in your system you just need to follow the two stipulated steps below... They all are simple
  1. Unlock the modem using Simbwa Phillip steps.
  2. Set the APN of the SIM Network whenever initializing the modem 
A) Using the Simbwa Phillip Steps
Two ways of unlocking your 3G modem (first– the easyway, second, the geeky way).
Prerequisites:
a). Python 2.6 or greater
b). For the easyway (huawei modems), download and install pyhumod 0.03 from here . If you choose to go the geeky way, you don’t need the pyhumod. Also if the easy way fails, go the geeky way
The easy way Huawei modem:
Paste the following code in your preferred linux editor even if its the console  and save it as whatever name you choose (e.g huawei_unlocker.py)
#!/usr/bin/env python

import hashlib
import humod
UNLOCK_SALT = "5e8dd316726b0335"

def show_code(imei, salt):
    digest = hashlib.md5((imei+salt).lower()).digest()
    code = 0
    for i in range(0,4):
        code += (ord(digest[i])^ord(digest[4+i])^ord(digest[8+i])^ord(digest[12+i])) << (3-i)*8
        code &= 0x1ffffff
        code |= 0x2000000
    return code

mod = humod.Modem()
imei = mod.show_imei()
status = humod.at_commands.Command(mod,'AT^CARDLOCK="'+str(show_code(imei,UNLOCK_SALT))+'"\r')
#------------------- code ends here -----------------------------

After save the file and quit your editor
Check that you have plugged in your modem and has been detected by system. (“dmesg | tail” could help. Check that you have ttyUSB0, ttyUSBx where x could be 1 or 2)
Execute the python script on commandline like so:
python huawei_unlocker.py
Thats it!
2). The geeky way
Plug in your modem
Check that its has been read by the system
Then at your terminal type:
# cat /dev/ttyUSB0 &
We then extract the IMEI serial of the modem like so:
# echo -e “ATI\r” > /dev/ttyUSB0
Make note of the IMEI serial
In your favorite editor paste the following code and save it as unlock.py
 #!/usr/bin/env python

import hashlib
UNLOCK_SALT = "5e8dd316726b0335"

def show_codes(imei, salt):
    digest = hashlib.md5((imei+salt).lower()).digest()
    code = 0
    for i in range(0,4):
        code += (ord(digest[i])^ord(digest[4+i])^ord(digest[8+i])^ord(digest[12+i])) << (3-i)*8
        code &= 0x1ffffff
        code |= 0x2000000
    return code

# PLEASE TYPE YOUR IMEI  BELOW
imei = ' '
if(imei == ' '):
    print 'Please open this script from your editor and enter your IMEI'
else:
    print "Your Modem unlock code: %s" % show_codes(imei,UNLOCK_SALT);
Execute the above script to generate your modem unlock code
Now its time to unlock the modem and we do it like so:

# echo -e 'AT^CARDLOCK="XXXXXXXX"\r' > /dev/ttyUSB0

(Please use your generated modem unlock code in place of XXXXXXXX)
You should see the modem reply with an OK
Press CTRL + C



B)Set the APN of the SIM Network whenever initializing the modem

i - For linux if your using wvdial change the wvdial.conf or add the line below which sets the APN name
Init3 = AT+CGDCONT=1,"IP","TelecomNetworkAPNName"
ii - For windows users, go to the device manager -> Modems -> Open properties of the modem -> Under Advanced -> in the extra initialization commands field put the entry
AT+CGDCONT=1,"IP","TelecomNetworkAPNName"
The TelecomNetworkAPNName varies from Telecom, for UTL it is utweb and for Orange it is orange.ug.
So now you can create a connection with a dial number *99# or *99***1#.

 

Sunday, 21 July 2013

various inventors of computer hardwares


1:   Key board— Herman Hollerith, first keypunch  devices in 1930’s

2:   Transistor— John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley ( 1947-48)

3:  RAM— An Wang and Jay Forrester (1951)

4:   Trackball— Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff  (1952)

5:  Hard Disk— IBM , The IBM Model 350 Disk File (1956 )

6:  Integrated Circuit— Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce ( 1958)

7:  Computer Mouse — Douglas Engelbart (1964)

8:  Laser printer— Gary Starkweather at XEROX in1969.

9:Floppy Disk— Alan Shugart &IBM ( 1970)

10:Microprocess­or— Faggin, Hoff & Mazor – Intel 4004  (1971)

Friday, 12 July 2013

Collection of Useful Websites

The list below makes a versed of over a 100 useful websites::

1. screenr.com – helps you record movies of your desktop and send them straight to YouTube.
2. bounceapp.com – used to capture full length screenshots of various web pages.
3. Goo. gl – Used to convert URLs to Quick Response (QR) codes as well as shorten long URLs.
4. untiny.me – Unmask theoriginal URLs s hiding behind a shortened URLs.
5. localti.me – Know more than just the local time of a city
6.copypastecharacter.com– Copy-paste special characters that aren’t on your keyboard.
7. topsy.com –A better search engine for twitter.
8. fb.me/AppStore –Search iOS apps without launching iTunes.
9. iconfinder.com –The best place to find icons of all sizes.
10. office.com –Download templates, clipart and images for your Office documents.
11. woorank.com –everything you wanted to know about a website.
12. virustotal.com –Scan any suspicious file or email attachment for viruses.
13. wolframalpha.com– Gets answers directly without searching .
14.printwhatyoulike.com– Print web pages without the clutter.
15. joliprint.com –Reformats news articles and blog content as a newspaper.
16. isnsfw.com – When you wish to share a NSFW page but with a warning.
17. eggtimer.com – A simple online timer for your daily needs.
18. coralcdn.org – If a site is down due to heavy traffic, try accessing it through coral CDN.
19. random.org – Pick random numbers, flip coins, and more.
20. mywot.com –Check the trust level of any website .
21. viewer.zoho.com –Preview PDFs and Presentations directly in the browser.
22. tubemogul.com –Simultaneously upload videos to YouTube and other video sites.
23. truveo.com – The best place for searching web videos.
24. scr.im – Share your email address online without worrying about spam.
25. spypig.com – Now get read receipts for your email.
26. sizeasy.com –Visualize and compare the size of any product.
27. whatfontis.com –quickly determine the font name from an image.
28. fontsquirrel.com –A good collection of fonts – free for personal and commercial use.
29. regex.info – Find data hidden in your photographs .
30. tineye.com – This is like an online version of Google Googles.
31. iwantmyname.com– Helps you search domains across allTLDs.
32. tabbloid.com –Your favorite blogs delivered as PDFs.
33. join. me – Share your screen with anyone over the web.
34. onlineocr.net –Recognize text from scanned PDFs and images – see other OCR tools.
35. flightstats.com –Track flight status at airports worldwide.
36. wetransfer.com –For sharing really big files online.
37. pastebin.com – A temporary onlineclipboard for your text and code snippets.
38.polishmywriting.com –Check your writing for spelling or grammatical errors.
39.awesomehighlighter.com– Easily highlight the important parts of a web page.
40. typewith.me –Work on the same document with multiple people.
41.whichdateworks.com –Planning an event? Find a date that works for all.
42. everytimezone.com– A less confusing view of the world time zones.
43. warrick.cs.odu.edu– You’ll need this when your bookmarked web pages are deleted.
44. gtmetrix.com – The perfect tool for measuring your site performance online.
45. imo.im – Chat with your buddies on Skype,Facebook, GoogleTalk, etc from one place.
46.translate.google.com– Translate web pages,PDFs and Office documents.
47. youtube.com/leanback – Sit back and enjoy YouTube videos in full-screen mode.
48. similarsites.com –Discover new sites that are similar to what you like already.
49. wordle.net – Quicksummarize long pieces of text with tag clouds.
50. bubbl.us – Create mind-maps, brainstorm ideas in the browser.
51. kuler.adobe.com –Get color ideas, also extract colors from photographs.
52. followupthen.com– Setup quick reminders via email itself.
53. lmgtfy.com – When your friends are too lazy to use Google on their own.
54. tempalias.com –Generate temporary email aliases, better than disposable email.
55. pdfescape.com –Lets you can quickly edit PDFs in the browser itself.
56. faxzero.com – Send an online fax for free– see more fax services.
57. feedmyinbox.com –Get RSS feeds as an email newsletter.
58. isendr.com –Transfer files without uploading to a server.
59. tinychat.com –Setup a private chatroom in micro-seconds.
60. privnote.com –Create text notes that will self-destruct after being read.
61. flightaware.com –Live flight tracking service for airports worldwide.
62. boxoh.com – Track the status of any shipment on Google Maps – alternative.
63. chipin.com – When you need to raise funds online for an event or a cause.
64.downforeveryoneorjustme.com – Is your favorites really offline?
65. example.com – This website can be used as an example in documentation.
66.whoishostingthis.com –Find the web host of any website.
67. google.com/history– Found something on Google but can’t remember it now?
68.errorlevelanalysis.com– Find whether a photo is real or aphotoshopped one.
69. google.com/dictionary – Get word meanings, pronunciations and usage examples.
70.urbandictionary.com –Find definitions of slangs and informal words.
71. seatguru.com –Consult this site before choosing a seat for your next flight.
72. sxc.hu – Download stock images absolutely free.
73.download.com.np-Get all softwares.
74. wobzip.org – Unzip your compressed files online.
75. vocaroo.com –Record your voice with a click.
76. scribblemaps.com– Create custom Google Maps easily.
77. buzzfeed.com –Never miss another Internet meme or viral video.
78. alertful.com –Quickly setup email reminders for important events.
79.encrypted.google.com– Prevent your ISP and boss from reading your search queries.
80. formspring.me –You can ask or answer personal questions here.
81. snopes.com – Find if that email offer you received is real or just another scam.
82. typingweb.com –Master touch-typing with these practice sessions.
83. mailvu.com – Send video emails to anyone using your webcam.
84. ge.tt – Quickly send a file to someone,they can even preview it before downloading.
85. timerime.com –Create timelines with audio, video and images.
86. stupeflix.com –Make a movie out of your images, audio and video clips.
87. aviary.com/myna –An online audio editor that lets you record and remix audio clip.
88. noteflight.com –Print music sheets, write your own music online (review).
89.disposablewebpage.com– Create a temporary web page that self-destruct.
90. namemytune.com– When you need to find the name of a song.
91. homestyler.com –Design from scratch or re-model your home in3d.
92. snapask.com – Use email on your phone to find sports scores, read Wikipedia, etc.
93. teuxdeux.com – A beautiful to-do app that resembles a paper diary.
94. livestream.com –Broadcast events live over the web, including your desktop screen.
95. bing.com/images –Automatically find perfectly-sized wallpapers for mobiles.
96. historio.us –Preserve complete web pages with all the formatting.
97. dabbleboard.com –Your virtual whiteboard.
98. whisperbot.com –Send an email without using your own account.
99. sumopaint.com –An excellent layer-based online image editor.
100. lovelycharts.com– Create flowcharts, network diagrams, Sitemaps, etc.
101. nutshellmail.com– Get your Facebook and Twitter streams in your Inbox.
102.The Hype Machine -Web-based music discovery site based on the music posted to blogshttp://hypem.com/
103.SimpleWash -A site to help you clean up old content you may not want to show on your social media profiles anymore (currently Facebook only, Twitter is coming soon) SimpleWash™
104.ListenToYouTube.com -Converts YouTube videos to mp3sYouTube to MP3 Converter - Fast, Free - ListenToYouTube.com
105.PushBullet.com -Easily send notes, links, lists, files, etc. to your Android phone.

#KamnjoroMgeek

Monday, 1 July 2013

BASICS OF BATCH PROGRAMMING

BATCH FILE PROGRAMMING 
Today we explore what Ms Dos (Batch file) programming is. Everyone has been in use of the Ms Dos program in windows platform (what is commonly refered to as CMD)  Let's begin by understanding what Batch means:
A batch file is simply a text file edited in the notepad or other basic editing tool like EDIT command in Ms Dos but lacks any editing.  Uniquely, the file is stored with a .BAT extension such as virus.bat etc..
Batch files are basically programs containing MS-DOS commands written in separate lines and using the correct syntax:

How a batch file operates!! 
We shall accomplish this by explaining example batch codes

Example 1 
// the three line code below is a basic batch file. save the file as teln.bat (or any other name of your choice)
C:
cd windows
telnet

explanation: 
The first line instructs command.com to go to directory/ drive C:  The next line tells the command.com to change the current directory to Windows while the last lines instructs it to launch telnet client.

 Example 2

md \newdir
copy \dos\*.exe \newdir
cd \newdir
dir cd \

Executing commands at DOS prompt:

Normally, you can execute only one MS-DOS command at one time (except you use a "trick").
You cannot give another instruction before DOS has done your current command If you manually instruct DOS to execute the above commands, you have to type each command at the DOS prompt one after another.

Executing commands in a batch file:
However, if you put all of the commands in a text file in the same manner as in the above box, it becomes an executable program.
Let's call it anyname.bat Similar to a COM or EXE command, you can simply type the name of this batch file at the DOS prompt to start your instructions.
      i.e. C:\>anyname or C:\>anyname.bat (note: the extension bat is optional here. It makes no difference, no matter you put it or not.)
DOS will then execute the commands automatically in the same order as written in the anyname.bat The followings are details of what DOS will do for you:-
  1. Creates a new directory under the root called newdir
  2. Copies all files under the DOS directory with an extension of EXE to the newly created newdir directory.
  3. Changes the current directory to newdir directory
  4. Display the directory listing of newdir directory
  5. Changes the current directory to root directory
 Commands that can be used in a batch file
All commands that you can use at the DOS prompt can be used in a batch file.
You have to follow the same syntax of the commands as you use it at the DOS prompt.
For advanced application of batch programs, the following nine (9) special commands are commonly used. Some of them are used together with special characters (details coming soon)
 
CALL
FOR
PAUSE
CHOICE *
GOTO
REM
ECHO
IF
SHIFT
Note: * CHOICE is an external DOS command.  
Please ensure the current path statement contains C:\DOS when you need to run a batch program in which the CHOICE command is used.

 Special characters commonly used in a batch file
 
Special characters
@
:
%
%%
Name: batch display suppression 
operator 
batch file label operator batch replaceable 
parameter
batch replaceable 
parameter 
Syntax:
@<command> 
where command is any MS-DOS command 
:<label> 
where label is a string up to 8 characters long
%n 
where n is a single digit 1 through 9
%%n 
where n is a single digit 1 through 9
Example:
@echo off 
:option1 %1, %2, %3 etc. %%1, %%2 etc.
Remarks -- -- -- used with FOR command only
  •  Batch display-suppression operator
  •  
    • @ can be applied to any command as the first character on the command line in a batch program.
    • It's used to prevent an individual command from being displayed when it is executed.
     
  • Batch file label operator
  •  
    • :  is used to identify a location in a batch file. It is not a command but a prefix of a label.
    • A label is a companion of the GOTO command.

    • i.e. GOTO <label>
            :<label>
    • A label is used to force MS-DOS to move to a specified location within the batch program.
    •  
    • Normally, when MS-DOS runs a batch program, it executes commands in the order as they appear in the program. However, when MS-DOS comes across the GOTO command (e.g. GOTO option1), it will move to the position that is identified by :option1 within the batch program.
  • Batch replaceable parameter
  •  
    • Consider the following commands frequently used at the DOS prompt:-
      • copy autoexec.bat autoexec.bak

      • This command line creates a backup file of the autoexec.bat file.
        copy is a command,  autoexec.bat and autoexec.bak are parameters. These are required parameters. You must state both of them to make the command work.
         
      • dir /w

      • This command line displays a directory entries of the current directory in wide screen format.
        dir is a command, /w is a parameter. It is an optional parameter for qualifying the output of the dir  command.
         
    • Similarly, you can make use of parameters to help you achieve the same capability in executing a batch program. This way, you can execute the same batch program with different data at different time. They are called replaceable parameters.
     
    • %n and %%n are the special characters which represent the parameter in a batch program, where n is a single digit, from 1 through 9.
     
    • The replaceable parameters are positional. The digit, n, of the special characters represents the position of the parameter you type with the batch command.

    • For example:
       
      A sample batch file named 
      greeting.bat
      Batch file executed in 
      DOS prompt
      @echo off 
      echo %1 is %2 
      echo
      c:\>greeting IOS100 fun 
      IOS100 is fun     (<-- i.e. the output) 
       
       
      Replacement of % n by given parameters:
      batch filename (a.k.a. %0)
      greeting
      %1
      IOS100 
      %2 
      fun 
       

How to create a batch file
  • EDIT command
    • Usage: EDIT filename.bat

    • where filename.bat is an optional parameter. You are recommended to give a name when you open the editor because it will simplify some steps in saving the file when it's done.
    • Run EDIT command at the command prompt, you will go to an editor mode, normally in blue screen. Make sure you have saved the file upon completion.
    • Remember to give an extension of .BAT in your batch file.
     
  • COPY  command
    • Usage: COPY con  filename.bat

    • where filename.bat is a required parameter if you want to save the file. You must give a name when you run COPY command.
    • This method is useful when you are writing a short batch file.
    • "COPY con filename"
      • Similar to backup a file using COPY command, "COPY con filename" means copying from "con" (the source) to a file called filename.bat (the target).
      • CON is a reserved name for console. The keyboard is known to MS-DOS as console.
      • By running the command, you instruct MS-DOS to copy what you type from the keyboard to a file filename.bat . When MS-DOS display a blinking cursor instead of a command prompt, it means it's ready for you to type in any text.
      • Remember to use Ctrl-Z (i.e. hold down the ctrl key and hit Z) or press the function key F6 to end the file. MS-DOS will display ^Z on the screen. It is the end of file marker.
      • And then, press Enter to save the file. MS-DOS will signal back "1 file(s) copied" and return to the command prompt.
         
         
  • DOSKEY  command
    • Usage: DOSKEY /h > filename.bat
    • This method is useful for a "write-and-test" approach.  While you are writing a batch file, you are working on the command prompt directly. By the way, you can know the result of every command immediately.
    • The DOSKEY program, once loaded into memory, keeps track of the commands you have typed through the keyboard.
    • DOSKEY /h -- displays all commands stored in memory.
    • By running the command, you instruct MS-DOS to redirect the history of commands to a batch file filename.bat .
    • Steps in using this method:
      • Make sure DOSKEY program has been loaded into memory.
      • Press Alt-F7 to clear the memory buffer before you "write-and-test" your file.
      • Run the commands that you want to put in the batch file.
      • Upon completion, run DOSKEY /h > filename.bat
      • Run EDIT filename.bat to delete the last line "i.e. DOSKEY /h > filename.bat" and all other unnecessary lines, if necessary.

Facts about Internet Usage

Below are some facts on internet usage
Facts on Internet Usage
------------------------

1. 35.6% of internet users are Asian.
2. With average of 389 million of internet
surfers each month, Asia is the largest
internet crowd among other world regions.

3. In Afirca, 3 out of 100 surf the Internet.

4. In Asia, 10 out of 100 surf the Internet.

5. In Europe, 38 out of 100 surf the Internet.

6. In Middle East, 10 out of 100 surf the
Internet.

7. In North America, 70 out of 100 surf the
Internet.

8. In Latin America, 16 out of 100 surf the
Internet.

9. In Australia, 53 out of 100 surf the Internet.

10. Only 16.6% of world population surf the
internet.

11. 1 billion Users around the globe are
surfing the Internet every month.

12. Amount of internet surfers in Asia
(389,392,28 mil) is 11 times the population of
Australia (34,468,443 mil).
13. 19% of Internet users are from United
States (210,080,067 mil).

14. Around 18 countries still does not have
Internet connection.

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